• Forsyth, Ann. 2012. “Alternative Cultures in Planning Research—From Extending Scientific Frontiers to Exploring Enduring Questions.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 32: 160-168. http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?AH-J7Q2212VPAG0751
• Little, Daniel. “Evidence and Objectivity in the Social Sciences.” Social Research 60 (1993): 363-96. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40970742
• Mahoney, J., & Goertz, G. (2006). A tale of two cultures: Contrasting quantitative and qualitative research. Political analysis, 14(3), 227-249. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25791851.pdf
• Shadish, W. R. “Philosophy of Science and the Quantitative-Qualitative Debates: Thirteen Common Errors.” Evaluation and Program Planning 18 (1995): 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(94)00050-8
• Singleton and Straits, chapter 2.

Recommended, Epistemologies: 

• Brown, Michael and Larry Knopp (2008). “Queering the map: the productive tensions of colliding epistemologies.” In: Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98.1, pp. 40–58. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25515098
• D’ignazio, C., & Klein. (2020). On Rational, Scientific, Objective Viewpoints From Mythical, Imaginary, Impossible Standpoints. In Data Feminism. Essay, MIT Press. https://data-feminism.mitpress.mit.edu/
• Haraway, Donna. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective.” In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York, NY: Routledge, 1996. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178066

Recommended Readings: 

• Alonso, William and Paul Starr, ed. (1989). The politics of numbers. Russell Sage Foundation. https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/SCSB-7080884
• Campbell, Heather. 2012. “Planning to Change the World: Between Knowledge and Action Lies Synthesis.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 32: 135-146. http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?AH-J7Q2212VPAG0819
• Ioannidis, John P. A. (2005). Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLoS Medicine 2(8): 696-701. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
• Kitchin, Rob (2014). “The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism”. In: GeoJournal 79.1, pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8.
• Schweitzer, Lisa and Nader Afzalan. Four Reasons Why AICP Needs an Open Data Ethic. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83:2 161-167. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01944363.2017.1290495
• Wang, Tricia (2016). Why Big Data Needs Thick Data. https://medium.com/ethnography-matters/
• why-big-data-needs-thick-data-b4b3e75e3d7