• Lundberg, Craig C., and Cheri A. Young, eds. “Models and Theories: Purposes and Reach.” In Foundations for Inquiry: Choices and Trade-Offs in the Organizational Sciences. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005, pp. 163-181. ISBN: 9780804741538. On Courseworks.
• ———. “Inventing and Framing Research.” In Foundations for Inquiry: Choices and Trade-Offs in the Organizational Sciences. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005, pp. 247-285. ISBN: 9780804741538. On Courseworks.
• Salganik, chapter 3. 
• Singleton and Straits, chapter 3.
• Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002, Chapter 1. On Courseworks. 
• Skim: Jones, Charles O. 1974. “Doing Before Knowing: Concept Development in Political Research.” American Journal of Political Science 18(1): 215-228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2110663

Recommended Readings: 

• Adcock, Robert and David Collier. 2001. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95(3): 529-546. http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?AH-J7Q2212VPAG3502
• Marini, Margaret and Burton Singer. 1988. “Causality in the Social Sciences.” Sociological Methodology 18: 347-409. http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?AH-J7Q2212VPAG3242
• Schwab, Donald P. 1980. “Construct Validity in Organizational Behavior.” Research in Organizational Behavior 2: 3-43.
• Yee, Albert. 1996. “The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies.” International Organization 50(1): 69-109. http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?AH-J7Q2212VPAG3528

Technical References: 

Kerlinger and Lee, Chapters 17-21.